Adaptation of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-12S)
Keywords:
self-efficacy, hope, resilience, optimism, psychometric characteristics
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to develop a short Ukrainian-language version of the psychological capital questionnaire based on a 24-pointoriginal test for use in higher education. Despite the construct’s absolute practical value in the context of various life spheres, including academic one, there is currently no instrument for its measurement, which is of concern and requires domestic scientists to fill a gap. Methods. Two bilingual psychologists conveyed PCQ-24 from English into Ukrainian via reverse translation. Based on a preliminary analysis,24 questions were reduced to 12, which had the highest factor loadings, increased scale internal reliability, rendered crucial aspects of the construct, and kept an optimal balance of the number of items for each questionnaire component. 500 students participated in the study via the online service Google Forms. Data analysis was conducted using the statistical software environment R and Rstudio. Results. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) made it possible to establish that of the three alternative models of the PCQ-12S structure, a hierarchic alone best corresponds to empirical data as it conceptualizes psychological capital as a latent factor of the highest level with four first-order factors: self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism. It allows calculating points for individual factors and an integral indicator – psychological capital. The model was also analyzed for compliance with psychometric characteristics. As a result, various statistical methods proved that the diagnostic scale of psychological capital has high reliability in the academic context, confirmed convergent and discriminant validity, as well as measurement invariance by gender. Conclusions. PCQ-12S is an economical means of measuring psychological capital and its components in university students. The relevant scale has acceptable and well-recognized psychometric characteristics and is recommended for use in higher education to solve both theoretical and practical problems.
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References
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Carmona–Halty, M., Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. How Psychological Capital Mediates Between Study–Related Positive Emotions and Academic Performance. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2019. Vol. 20 (2). P. 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-9963-5
Caza, A., Bagozzi, R. P., Woolley, L., Levy, L., & Barker Caza, B. Psychological capital and authentic leadership. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration. 2010. Vol. 2 (1). P. 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1108/17574321011028972
Chaffin T. D., Luthans B. C., Luthans K. W. Integrity, positive psychological capital and academic performance. Journal of Management Development. 2023. Vol. 42 (2). P. 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-07-2022-0162
Chen F. F. Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 2007. Vol. 14 (3). P. 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Cheung F., Tang C. S.-K., Tang S. Psychological capital as a moderator between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction among school teachers in China. International Journal of Stress Management. 2011. Vol. 18 (4). P. 348–371. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025787
Datu J. A. D., Valdez J. P. M. Psychological Capital Predicts Academic Engagement and Well-Being in Filipino High School Students. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. 2016. Vol. 25 (3). P. 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-015-0254-1
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Dudasova, L., Prochazka, J., Vaculik, M., & Lorenz,T. Measuring psychological capital: Revision of the Compound Psychological Capital Scale (CPC-12). PLOS ONE. 2021. Vol. 16 (3). P. e0247114. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247114
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Görgens-Ekermans G., Herbert M. Psychological capital: Internal and external validity of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24) on a South African sample. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 2013. Vol. 39 (2). P. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1131
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Luthans B. C., Luthans K. W., Avey J. B. Building the Leaders of Tomorrow. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. 2013. Vol. 21 (2). P. 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813517003
Luthans F., Broad J. D. Positive psychological capital to help combat the mental health fallout from the pandemic and VUCA environment. Organizational Dynamics. 2022. Vol. 51 (2). P. 100817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100817
Luthans F., Youssef C. M. Human, Social, and Now Positive Psychological Capital Management. Organizational Dynamics. 2004. Vol. 33 (2). P. 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
Luthans F., Youssef-Morgan C. M. Psychological Capital: An Evidence-Based Positive Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2017. Vol. 4 (1). P. 339–366. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurevorgpsych-032516-113324
Luthans F., Avolio B., Avey J. Psychological Capital Questionnaire. 2023. https://www.mindgarden.com/136-psychological-capital-questionnaire#horizontalTab4
Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology. 2007. Vol. 60 (3). P. 541–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate-employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2008. Vol. 29 (2). P. 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.507
Luthans F., Youssef-Morgan C. M., Avolio B. J. Psychological Capital and Beyond. New York : Oxford University Press, Incorporated. 2015. 336 p.
Martínez, I. M., Youssef-Morgan, C. M., Chambel, M. J., & Marques-Pinto, A. Antecedents of academic performance of university students: academic engagement and psychological capital resources. Educational Psychology. 2019. Vol. 39 (8). P. 1047–1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1623382
Masten, A., Cutuli, J. J., Herbers, J. E., & Reed, M. J. Resilience in Development. Oxford handbook of positive psychology / ed. by S. Lopez, C. Snyder. New York. 2009. P. 117–131.
Mens M. G., Scheier M. F., Carver C. S. Optimism. The Oxford handbook of positive psychology / ed. by C. R. Snyder et al. New York, 2021. P. 396–412.
Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2014. Vol. 35. P. 120–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1916
Pekrun R., Elliot A. J., Maier M. A. Achievement goals and discrete achievement emotions: A theoretical model and prospective test. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2006. Vol. 98 (3). P. 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.98.3.583
Prasath, P. R., Xiong, Y., Zhang, Q., & Jeon, L. Psychological Capital, Well-being, and Distress of International Students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2022. Vol. 44 (3). P. 529–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-022-09473-1
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. 2021. https://www.R-project.org/
Rand, K. L., Shanahan, M. L., Fischer, I. C., & Fortney, S. K. Hope and optimism as predictors of academic performance and subjective well-being in college students. Learning and Individual Differences. 2020. Vol. 81. P. 101906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101906
Ray S., Danks N. P., Calero Valdez A. R package seminr: Domain-specific language for building and estimating structural equation models version 2.1.0 [computer software]. 2021. https://cran. r-project. org/web/packages/seminr/
Rego, A., Marques, C., Leal, S., Sousa, F., & Pina e Cunha M. Psychological capital and performance of Portuguese civil servants: exploring neutralizers in the context of an appraisal system. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2010. Vol. 21 (9). P. 1531–1552. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.488459
Riolli L., Savicki V., Richards J. Psychological Capital as a Buffer to Student Stress. Psychology. 2012. Vol. 3 (12). P. 1202–1207. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.312a178
Rus, C. L., Baban, A., Jesus, S. N., & Andrei, D. An analysis of the psychometric properties of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire-12. Journal of Education Sciences and Psychology. 2012. Vol. 1 (2). P. 110–122. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1011444951
Rutkowski L., Svetina D. Assessing the Hypothesis of Measurement Invariance in the Context of Large-Scale International Surveys. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2013. Vol. 74 (1). P. 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413498257
Sahoo B. C., Sia S. K. Psychological Capital and Organisational Commitment: Nature, Structure and Relationship in an Indian Sample. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation. 2015. Vol. 11 (3). P. 230–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510x15588386
Santana-Cárdenas, S., Viseu, J. N., López-Núñez, M. I., & Jesus, S. N. Validity and reliability evidence of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire-12 in a sample of Mexican workers. Annals of Psychology. 2018. Vol. 34 (3). P. 562–570. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.3.319211
Schweizer K. Some Guidelines Concerning the Modeling of Traits and Abilities in Test Construction. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2010. Vol. 26, (1). P. 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000001
Seligman M. E. P. Learned optimism. New York : Pocket Books, 1998. 319 p.
Siu O. L., Bakker A. B., Jiang X. Psychological Capital Among University Students: Relationships with Study Engagement and Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2013. Vol. 15 (4). P. 979–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9459-2
Stajkovic A. D., Luthans F. Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Goin beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics. 1998. Vol. 26 (4). P. 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-2616(98)90006-7
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Wernsing T. Psychological capital: A test of measurement invariance across 12 national cultures. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. 2013. Vol. 21 (2). P. 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813515924
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York : Freeman. 1997. 604 p.
Bao H.-W.-S. Package bruceR: Broadly useful convenient and efficient R functions. R package version 0.8.x. 2023. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bruceR
Carmona-Halty, M., Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. Linking positive emotions and academic performance: The mediated role of academic psychological capital and academic engagement. Current Psychology. 2021. Vol. 40 (6). P. 2938–2947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00227-8
Carmona–Halty, M., Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. How Psychological Capital Mediates Between Study–Related Positive Emotions and Academic Performance. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2019. Vol. 20 (2). P. 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-9963-5
Caza, A., Bagozzi, R. P., Woolley, L., Levy, L., & Barker Caza, B. Psychological capital and authentic leadership. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration. 2010. Vol. 2 (1). P. 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1108/17574321011028972
Chaffin T. D., Luthans B. C., Luthans K. W. Integrity, positive psychological capital and academic performance. Journal of Management Development. 2023. Vol. 42 (2). P. 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-07-2022-0162
Chen F. F. Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 2007. Vol. 14 (3). P. 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Cheung F., Tang C. S.-K., Tang S. Psychological capital as a moderator between emotional labor, burnout, and job satisfaction among school teachers in China. International Journal of Stress Management. 2011. Vol. 18 (4). P. 348–371. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025787
Datu J. A. D., Valdez J. P. M. Psychological Capital Predicts Academic Engagement and Well-Being in Filipino High School Students. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. 2016. Vol. 25 (3). P. 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-015-0254-1
Datu J. A. D., King R. B., Valdez J. P. M. Psychological capital bolsters motivation, engagement, and achievement: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2016. Vol. 13 (3). P. 260–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1257056
Dawkins, S., Martin, A., Scott, J., & Sanderson, K. Building on the positives: A psychometric review and critical analysis of the construct of Psychological Capital. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2013. Vol. 86 ( 3). P. 348–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12007
Dudasova, L., Prochazka, J., Vaculik, M., & Lorenz,T. Measuring psychological capital: Revision of the Compound Psychological Capital Scale (CPC-12). PLOS ONE. 2021. Vol. 16 (3). P. e0247114. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247114
Feldman D. B., Kubota M. Hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and academic achievement: Distinguishing constructs and levels of specificity in predicting college grade-point average. Learning and Individual Differences. 2015. Vol. 37. P. 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.022
Finney S., DiStefano C. Non-normal and Categorical data in structural equation modeling. Structural equation modeling: a second course / ed. by G. R. Hancock, R. O. Mueller. Greenwich, 2006. P. 269–314.
Fornell C., Larcker D. F. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research. 1981. Vol. 18 (1). P. 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Görgens-Ekermans G., Herbert M. Psychological capital: Internal and external validity of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24) on a South African sample. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 2013. Vol. 39 (2). P. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1131
Hair, J., Hult, T., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM. CA : Sage Publications. 2016. 390 p.
Harms P. D., Luthans F. Measuring implicit psychological constructs in organizational behavior: An example using psychological capital. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2012. Vol. 33 (4). P. 589–594. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1785
Hazan Liran B., Miller P. The Role of Psychological Capital in Academic Adjustment Among University Students. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2019. Vol. 20 (1). P. 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9933-3
Kamei, H., Ferreira, M. C., Valentini, F., Peres, M. F. P., Kamei, P. T., & Damásio, B. F. Psychological Capital Questionnaire - Short Version (PCQ-12): evidence of Validity of The Brazilian Version. Psico-USF. 2018. Vol. 23 (2). P. 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712018230202
Liu J., Huang S. A Study on University Students’ Psychological Capital and Academic Performance: Autonomous Motivation as the Mediator. Open Access Library Journal. 2022. Vol. 9 (6). P. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108941
Lorenz, T., Beer, C., Pütz, J., & Heinitz, K. Measuring Psychological Capital: Construction and Validation of the Compound PsyCap Scale (CPC-12). PLOS ONE. 2016. Vol. 11 (4). P. e0152892. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152892
Luthans B. C., Luthans K. W., Avey J. B. Building the Leaders of Tomorrow. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. 2013. Vol. 21 (2). P. 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813517003
Luthans F., Broad J. D. Positive psychological capital to help combat the mental health fallout from the pandemic and VUCA environment. Organizational Dynamics. 2022. Vol. 51 (2). P. 100817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100817
Luthans F., Youssef C. M. Human, Social, and Now Positive Psychological Capital Management. Organizational Dynamics. 2004. Vol. 33 (2). P. 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
Luthans F., Youssef-Morgan C. M. Psychological Capital: An Evidence-Based Positive Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2017. Vol. 4 (1). P. 339–366. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurevorgpsych-032516-113324
Luthans F., Avolio B., Avey J. Psychological Capital Questionnaire. 2023. https://www.mindgarden.com/136-psychological-capital-questionnaire#horizontalTab4
Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology. 2007. Vol. 60 (3). P. 541–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
Luthans, F., Norman, S. M., Avolio, B. J., & Avey, J. B. The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate-employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2008. Vol. 29 (2). P. 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.507
Luthans F., Youssef-Morgan C. M., Avolio B. J. Psychological Capital and Beyond. New York : Oxford University Press, Incorporated. 2015. 336 p.
Martínez, I. M., Youssef-Morgan, C. M., Chambel, M. J., & Marques-Pinto, A. Antecedents of academic performance of university students: academic engagement and psychological capital resources. Educational Psychology. 2019. Vol. 39 (8). P. 1047–1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2019.1623382
Masten, A., Cutuli, J. J., Herbers, J. E., & Reed, M. J. Resilience in Development. Oxford handbook of positive psychology / ed. by S. Lopez, C. Snyder. New York. 2009. P. 117–131.
Mens M. G., Scheier M. F., Carver C. S. Optimism. The Oxford handbook of positive psychology / ed. by C. R. Snyder et al. New York, 2021. P. 396–412.
Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2014. Vol. 35. P. 120–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1916
Pekrun R., Elliot A. J., Maier M. A. Achievement goals and discrete achievement emotions: A theoretical model and prospective test. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2006. Vol. 98 (3). P. 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.98.3.583
Prasath, P. R., Xiong, Y., Zhang, Q., & Jeon, L. Psychological Capital, Well-being, and Distress of International Students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2022. Vol. 44 (3). P. 529–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-022-09473-1
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. 2021. https://www.R-project.org/
Rand, K. L., Shanahan, M. L., Fischer, I. C., & Fortney, S. K. Hope and optimism as predictors of academic performance and subjective well-being in college students. Learning and Individual Differences. 2020. Vol. 81. P. 101906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101906
Ray S., Danks N. P., Calero Valdez A. R package seminr: Domain-specific language for building and estimating structural equation models version 2.1.0 [computer software]. 2021. https://cran. r-project. org/web/packages/seminr/
Rego, A., Marques, C., Leal, S., Sousa, F., & Pina e Cunha M. Psychological capital and performance of Portuguese civil servants: exploring neutralizers in the context of an appraisal system. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2010. Vol. 21 (9). P. 1531–1552. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.488459
Riolli L., Savicki V., Richards J. Psychological Capital as a Buffer to Student Stress. Psychology. 2012. Vol. 3 (12). P. 1202–1207. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.312a178
Rus, C. L., Baban, A., Jesus, S. N., & Andrei, D. An analysis of the psychometric properties of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire-12. Journal of Education Sciences and Psychology. 2012. Vol. 1 (2). P. 110–122. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1011444951
Rutkowski L., Svetina D. Assessing the Hypothesis of Measurement Invariance in the Context of Large-Scale International Surveys. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2013. Vol. 74 (1). P. 31–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413498257
Sahoo B. C., Sia S. K. Psychological Capital and Organisational Commitment: Nature, Structure and Relationship in an Indian Sample. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation. 2015. Vol. 11 (3). P. 230–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510x15588386
Santana-Cárdenas, S., Viseu, J. N., López-Núñez, M. I., & Jesus, S. N. Validity and reliability evidence of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire-12 in a sample of Mexican workers. Annals of Psychology. 2018. Vol. 34 (3). P. 562–570. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.3.319211
Schweizer K. Some Guidelines Concerning the Modeling of Traits and Abilities in Test Construction. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2010. Vol. 26, (1). P. 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000001
Seligman M. E. P. Learned optimism. New York : Pocket Books, 1998. 319 p.
Siu O. L., Bakker A. B., Jiang X. Psychological Capital Among University Students: Relationships with Study Engagement and Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2013. Vol. 15 (4). P. 979–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9459-2
Stajkovic A. D., Luthans F. Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Goin beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics. 1998. Vol. 26 (4). P. 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-2616(98)90006-7
Stanton, J. M., Sinar, E. F., Balzer, W. K., & Smith, P. C. Issues and strategies for reducing the length of self-report scales. Personnel Psychology. 2002. Vol. 55 (1). P. 167–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00108.x
Wernsing T. Psychological capital: A test of measurement invariance across 12 national cultures. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. 2013. Vol. 21 (2). P. 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813515924
Published
2023-05-05
Pages
50-71
How to Cite
Olefir V. O., & Bosniuk V. F. (2023). Adaptation of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-12S). Insight: The Psychological Dimensions of Society, (9), 50-71. https://doi.org/10.32999/KSU2663-970X/2023-9-4
Section
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY; PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
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