Insight: the psychological dimensions of society

Editor’s Preface

Ihor Popovych — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Editor’s Preface

Ukrainian-language Adaptation of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale

Valerii Olefir, Valerii Bosniuk — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The study’s main aim was to adapt and validate the psychometric properties of the Ukrainian version of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale, which is based on E. Deci and R. Ryan’s meta-theory of self-determination. During the work, special emphasis was placed on proving the questionnaire’s structural validity. Based on theoretical considerations and a review of contemporary approaches to studying multidimensional constructs, we assumed that the basic psychological needs assessment scale has a complex bifactor structure. Methods. Two bilingual psychologists used the reverse translation method to translate the scale from English to Ukrainian. 548 people (62.0% women, 38.0% men) took part in the study using the Google Forms online service. The obtained data was analyzed using the statistical software environment Mplus and JASP. The results of our study revealed that the theoretical a priori three-factor model, in which each psychological need is a distinct independent factor, does not match empirical data. A bifactor exploratory model of a shortened version of the questionnaire with up to sixteen items showed a good fit and the best representation of the subjects’ evaluations of their needs being met. The psychometric reliability analysis revealed that the questions were highly consistent for both the general factor (need satisfaction) and its specific subscales (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). The obtained statistically significant theoretically expected correlations between questionnaire scales and variables indicating subjective well-being attest to the diagnostic instrument’s nomological validity in relation to external constructs. The scale’s measurement invariance by gender has been proven separately; it works equally well in groups of females and males. Conclusions. The adapted version of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale for the Ukrainian-speaking environment meets widely accepted psychometric standards and is recommended for use in psychodiagnostic practice with a high level of accountability for decisions made.

Coping Strategies in the Behavioral Models of Youth in Martial Law Conditions

Ihor Halian , Olena Halian , Mariia Myshchyshyn — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The purpose of the study is to reveal the relationship between the manifestation of anxiety in youth and the coping strategies they use to overcome objectively and subjectively difficult life situations. Methods. The “Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory” (STAI) was used to determine the level of reactive and personal anxiety. Possible reactions to anxious and stressful situations were studied using the questionnaire “Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations” (CISS) (Parker & Endler, 1992). Statistical analysis methods included descriptive statistics methods, correlation analysis (Pearson), differentiation criteria (Student’s t-test, Fisher’s F-test, and eta-squared), and discriminant analysis with stepwise variable inclusion. The study sample consisted of 132 individuals aged 18–23. Results. The study diagnosed high levels of reactive (M = 53.42; SD = 12.103) and personal (M = 49.942; SD = 10.068) anxiety in the youth (overall sample). Differences in anxiety (t = 2.571; p < .05; d = .316) were statistically significant. Additionally, differences were found in the manifestation of personal (t = -3.902; p < .01; d = -1.140) and situational anxiety (t = -3.510; p < .01; d = -1.019) among men (M = 40.08; SD = 8.251) and women (M = 50.97; SD = 9.685). Young people (overall sample) use “avoidance” coping (M = 53.42; SD = 8.895) and problem-focused coping (M = 52.70; SD = 8.341). However, women (M = 48.13; SD = 10.911) compared to men (M = 39.69; SD = 8.149) are more likely to use emotion-focused coping (t = -2.644; p < .01; d = -.772). A direct correlation between personal anxiety and emotion-focused coping (R = .744; p < .01; R2 = .553) and an inverse correlation with problem-focused coping (R = -.276; p < .01; R2 = .076) were found. Situational anxiety is directly correlated with emotion-focused coping (R = .597; p < .01; R2 = .356). Discussion and Conclusions. The relationship between personal and situational anxiety in young people and defensive coping strategies (emotion-focused coping) was established. No statistically significant differences were found in problem-focused coping and avoidance-oriented coping. The results of the discriminant analysis showed the dominance of emotional coping, which accompanies both personal and situational anxiety. This negatively affects not only the success of activities but is also accompanied by physiological problems, reducing the quality of life and mental well-being of young people.

Life Significance in Maintaining Military Personnel’s Resilience: Making a Mediation Model

Olena Savchenko, Lina Kolesnichenko , Viktoria Chuzhykova , Olena Berezhenna — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Crises related to the preparation and participation in combat operations negatively affect military personnel’s experience of their life significance, which in turn becomes a threatening factor in the development of negative states (anxiety, depression, stress disorders, and PTSD), and a decrease in the personal adaptive potential. The aim is to empirically test the model of relationships that predicts the peculiarities of military personnel’s coping behavior in stressful situations, where the basis (predictor) is life significance and the mediator is the clarity of self-awareness. Methods. The mediation methodology was used for non-experimental research. The study was conducted on a sample of servicemen from two companies of a separate battalion of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (n = 62) in October – November 2023. The Ukrainian-language versions of the methodologies were used: “The Perceived Life Significance Scale (PLSS)” by R. Gibberd and B. Vandenberg (Hibberd, 2016; Kolesnichenko et al., 2024), “Clarity of Self-Concept (SCC)” by J. D. Campbell et al. (Campbell et al, 1996; Kolesnichenko et al., 2024), “Instrument for the Study of Resilience (IDR-14)” by F.-W. Hu et al. (Hu, et al., 2022; Kolesnichenko & Berezhenna, 2023), “Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ)” by R. Martin et al. (Martin et al., 2003; Skvortsov & Zaiva, 2005). Modeling of the system “predictor – mediator – dependent variables” was carried out using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) in the package Amos SPSS Statistics 26.0, and program “MedMod” Jamovi. Results. The model of relationships “life significance (predictor) – clarity of self-awareness (mediator) – styles of humor, manifestations of resilience (dependent variables)” was confirmed (CMIN = 13.58; df = 15; p = .905; RMSEA = .000 [.000 – .110]; CFI = 1.00; TLI = 1.01). It is predicted that aggressive and affiliative styles of humor are displayed by military personnel who experience a high level of their life significance against the background of low self-awareness. The mediator “clarity of self-awareness” determines the relationship between the level of one’s life significance and resilience. High resilience (positive thinking, belief, and hopeful mindset) is demonstrated by those military personnel who feel their life significance, have a clear self-awareness, and non-contradictory beliefs about their capabilities. Discussion and conclusions. The predicted model of the relationships “life significance (predictor) – clarity of self-awareness (mediator) – resilience, humor styles (dependent variables)” was empirically confirmed in a non-experimental study. A particularly significant role of the mediator “clear and non-contradictory self-awareness” is observed in the correlation “life significance – resilience”, since it is the level of self-awareness that is associated with cognitive coping strategies (positive thinking, belief, and hopeful mindset). The obtained relationships require verification in experimental studies.

Coping Styles and Self-Regulation Abilities as Predictors of Anxiety

Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This study aims to determine whether coping mechanisms and self-regulation abilities are predictors of trait (T-Anxiety) and state anxiety (S-Anxiety). Method: Data collection was conducted on a student sample (N = 302), who completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Meta-worry Questionnaire (MWQ), the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), the Multi-Modal Coping Inventory (MMCI), the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) and the Action Control Scale (ACS-90). Correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted. Results. It was found that the coping strategies determined on the basis of the BASIC Ph model are the strongest predictors of T-Anxiety and S-Anxiety, explaining 39.6% and 25.0% of the variance, respectively. Coping strategies determined by the WCQ were also statistically significant predictors of T-Anxiety and S-Anxiety, explaining 12.1% and 9.9% of the variance, respectively. Self-regulation abilities were identified as significant predictors of T-Anxiety and S-Anxiety, explaining 5.3% and 2.2% of the variance, respectively. Discussion and Conclusions. The research proves the existence of a relationship between a set of variables, such as coping strategies and self-regulation abilities, which are predictors and cause changes in T-Anxiety and S-Anxiety. Іt was established that coping strategies self-regulation abilities are predictors of T-Anxiety and S-Anxiety. Specifically, the use of Belief as a coping style was found to decrease T-Anxiety and S-Anxiety. In contrast, the use of Affect and Imagination as coping styles caused an increase in T-Anxiety, and the use of Imagination as a coping style increased S-Anxiety. In addition, it was established that the use of such a coping strategy as acceptance of responsibility and escape-avoidance increases T-Anxiety. In contrast, the use of the coping strategy of problem-solving planning predicts a decrease in T-Anxiety and S-Anxiety. The obtained results also indicate that increasing self-regulation indicators with a prospective and decision-related action orientation vs. hesitation (AOD) predicts a decrease in T-Anxiety and S-Anxiety.

Adaptability to Stress in Student Youth at Different Stages of the Russian-Ukrainian Military Conflict

Sofiia Hrabovska , Tetyana Partyko , Khrystyna Stelmashchuk — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of resilience in master’s students in the conditions of military conflict and to determine the influence of adaptive capacity on psychological well-being. Methods. The research uses the methodology of adaptability to stress by V. Rozov (2005) and psychological well-being by C. Riff. The mathematical and statistical data processing methods are the following: Cronbach’s (α), Scheffe Test, Pearson’s coefficient (R), rotation of factors by the Varimax normalized, standardized regression coefficient. Results. It was identified that individual qualities responsible for students’ adaptation to stress are grouped in different structures at different stages of the war. The role of individual components in the structure of adaptive capacity to stress is changing. The most important integrator of adaptive resources at all stages of war is the somatic regulation ability. At the stage of hybrid warfare, it is the adaptability of thinking, at the beginning of the full-scale invasion, it is optimism, one year after the beginning of full-scale hostilities – management of one’s psychophysiological state. At all stages of the war, an important factor in the psychological well-being of master’s students was the social support they received from their community. At the beginning of the full-scale war, somatic regulation also plays a significant role, and a year later – the ability to determine one’s life priorities. There was no influence of optimism and the ability to manage sleep on the psychological well-being of master’s students, but it was found that there is a close relationship between optimism and psychological well-being. Discussion and conclusions. It was empirically substantiated that the content of the structure of adaptive capacity to stress in master’s students is different at different stages of the war. At all stages, the adaptive core was somatic regulation, which was combined with adaptive thinking during a hybrid war, with optimism at the beginning of the full-scale war, and with the management of psychophysiological states a year later. It was proved that at different stages of the war, the psychological well-being of master’s students depended on the social support, which was combined with the positive influence of adaptive thinking, self-confidence, time management and a negative impact of somatic regulation and management of one’s own psychophysiological states during the hybrid war; in the first months of the full-scale war, it was combined with a positive influence of time management, somatic regulation and a negative impact of adaptive thinking; a year later it was combined with a positive influence of time management, self-confidence, a negative impact of management of psychophysiological states and a contradictory effect of somatic regulation.

Psychological Characteristics of the Body Image of Middle-Aged Women in Organization of Interpersonal Interaction

Ainur Duisenbayeva , Adlet Kariyev , Laura Baimoldina , Zhazira Issayeva — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim of the research is to identify psychological characteristics of the body image of middle-aged women in organization of interpersonal interaction. Methods. The research involved middle-aged women of 30–43 years (n = 221). The descriptive frequency characteristics of the sample: M = 36.72; SD = ±6.71; Me = 37.00; Mo = 35.00. Valid and reliable questionnaires were used: “The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire” (MBSRQ) (Cash, 2017); “The Body Image Questionnaire” (BIQ) (Skugarevskiy & Sivukha, 2006), “The Body Assessment” (BA) (Harris, 1969). “Fundamental Interpersonal Relationships Orientation–Behavior” (FIRO–B) (Schutz, 1959), “Diagnostics of Interpersonal Relationships” (DIR) (Leary, 1956). Retrospective analysis and generalization of scientific data on the research subject were used. The collected theoretical information and empirical data were substantiated, explained and systematized. Results. It was found that the parameter “average value of satisfaction with body parts” (AVSBP) with the largest number of significant correlations (three) – with authoritarianism (AT), egoism (EG) and aggressiveness (AG) – is the most dependent parameter of the body image in the octant dimensions of the psychogram. The authoritarian type is the most dependent type of interpersonal interaction. It was established that the parameter “average value of satisfaction with body parts” (AVSBP) with the largest number of significant correlations (two) – with inclusion (Iw) and control (Ce) – is the most dependent parameter of the body image in the dimensions of the parameters of interpersonal interaction. Control (Ce) with three inverse significant correlations – with “health status assessment” (HSA), “average value of satisfaction with body parts” (AVSBP) and “average value of concern about overweight” (AVCO) – is the most dependent parameter of interpersonal interaction. Discussion and conclusions. Middle-aged women assess their health status quite highly and demonstrate concern about their appearance. This category of women seldom tries to disguise their weight, mainly having moderate and, to a lesser extent, low satisfaction with their body parts. The vast majority of middle-aged female respondents have an inadequate perception of their body which is a strong argument for dissatisfaction with their body. The hypothesis is confirmed, i.e. the correlation between middle-aged women’s satisfaction with their body and certain indicators of interpersonal interaction was established. The obtained results can be used for conducting more large-scale research on identifying factors of interpersonal interaction in other areas of psychology.

Features of Life Planning Among Student Youth During Wartime and the Post-Pandemic Period

Liubov Pomytkina , Nataliia Melnyk , Olena Kovtun , Anzhelika Kokarieva — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The article presents the findings of a theoretical and empirical study on the peculiarities of life planning among student youth during wartime and the post-pandemic period. The authors conceptualize life planning as the capacity of individuals to integrate personal experiences, maintain an awareness of the present, develop a realistic vision of the future, exhibit tolerance for uncertainty, and authentically experience the passage of time and its associated values and meanings in the context of executing personal life projects. The purpose of the publication is to highlight the results of a study of the features of life planning of student youth during martial law in the post-pandemic period. Methods. The study utilized the following instruments: the “Balanced Time Perspective Scale” (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), the “Diagnosis of Personal Time Disorganizers” (Nestorenko & Mikos, 2020), the “Subjective Alienation Questionnaire” (Maddi, 2004), and the “Uncertainty Tolerance Questionnaire” (Budner, 1962), along with statistical methods including the Mann-Whitney U-test and Student’s t-test. Results indicate that students’ ability to plan their lives effectively is associated with accurate time orientation, a low level (or absence) of personal time disorganizers, an authentic attitude towards themselves and others (as evidenced by a low level of alienation), and tolerance for uncertainty. Most students exhibit characteristics of an unbalanced time perspective, with a predominant focus on the present due to their experiences of extreme living conditions, and they tend to plan for the future only in the short term. Discussion and conclusions. The characteristics of life planning among students include competence in time management, which encompasses an optimal attitude towards the past, present, and future, flexible and deliberate organization of time, and accountability for decisions and plans; and authentic life perception, particularly among students with a balanced time perspective. Conversely, students with an unbalanced time perspective exhibit greater time disorganization and intolerance of uncertainty, which indicates difficulties in comprehending their own goals and intentions and a limited outlook on the future. These issues are linked to the current experiences of young people related to the ongoing war and the post-pandemic context.

Brief COPE-26 Coping Scale: Ukrainian-Language Adaptation and Modification for Online Diagnostics

Nadiia Aleksina , Denys Lavrynenko , Olena Savchenko , Olga Gerasimenko — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The study of psychological resources for overcoming stress is one of the most urgent tasks of psychological science and practice during the war, which requires the development of appropriate psychometric tools. The purpose of the article is to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brief-COPE questionnaire and develop a scientific discussion of its factor structure. Methods. Two bilingual psychologists were involved in the direct and back translation of the methodology and three experts in psychology, English and Ukrainian philology evaluated the Ukrainian version. To test the psychometric properties of the methodology, a sample of civilian Ukrainians aged 17 to 75, totaling 1101 people, was formed. Based on the results of the testing, it was decided to exclude two items of the distraction scale that impaired the psychometric quality of the questionnaire. The shortened version of the Brief-COPE-26 has high internal consistency and retest reliability. The convergent validity is confirmed by correlations with other scales that assess human behavior in a stressful situation: the level of emotional acceptance, social distancing, mental health assessments, and the severity of generalized anxiety. The close relationship between the results of the Brief-COPE-26 and the COPE dispositional questionnaire indicates the completeness of the reflection of the measured phenomenon. The factor structure of the scales is not perfect, but it is similar to the original author’s model and the results of factorization obtained in other cultural adaptations. The search for the optimal structure that best matches empirical reality led to the identification of a five-factor model that included 11 scales: problem-focused actions and reasoning (active coping); reconciliation with the existence of the problem (passive coping); comprehensive social support, including venting negative feelings (collective coping); helplessness and humor. This structure may reflect the peculiarities of the Ukrainian population’s coping with chronic stress caused by a full-scale war. Discussion and conclusions. The Brief-COPE is an informative, valid, and reliable tool for measuring a wide range of individual reactions to stress. Its methodological advantage is the flexibility of application in accordance with the goals and conditions of the study, which is achieved by modifying the instructions, formulations, and a set of measuring scales.

Formation of Professional Identity of Future Teachers under Conditions of a Digital Educational Environment

Nataliya Yaremchuk , Nazarii Pinchuk , Khrystyna Kalahurka , Bohdanna Turko — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim of the theoretical-empirical research is to identify the formation and types of professional identity of future teachers trained under conditions of a digital educational environment. Methods. The research participants were postgraduate students seeking a Master’s degree who were trained exclusively in a distance format (n = 80). Valid and reliable psycho-diagnostic tools were used to determine the main parameters of the respondents’ professional identity. The factor analysis with the procedure of extracting principal components was applied. Results. It was found that the descriptive frequency characteristics of dependent and independent variables do not differ from similar samples of students seeking a degree in pedagogy examined in related studies. The correlations established using the statistical parameter of Spearman (r_s) demonstrated internal regularities. It was found that the “emotional-volitional component” with two correlations is the most dependent parameter of professional identity, and “love” with five correlations is the most dependent parameter of terminal value. The factor analysis was used to reduce dimensionality and identify five types of professional identity: “procedural-content professional identity” (PCPI), “value-oriented professional identity” (VOPI), “cognitive-pragmatic professional identity” (CPPI), “alternative-oriented professional identity” (AOPI) and “personality-oriented professional identity” (POPI). It was explained that orientation towards values and search of meaning in professional development and growth remain priorities for the majority of respondents trained in a digital educational environment. Discussion and сonclusions. It was substantiated that the types of professional identity of future teachers trained under conditions of a digital educational environment are dominant psycho-complexes which are indicators of initial professionalization that reflect self-actualization intentions and constitute a key line of life and personal self-identification. It was recommended that the identified types of professional identification should be operationalized in educational theory and practice, and the methods for identifying the types of professional identity should be considered by organizers of educational process in a distance format.

Research on the Influence of Social Networks on the Manifestation of Aggression in Adolescents

Saranda Shatri , Bujar Thaçi — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Teenagers are the most active, and, therewith, the most vulnerable segment of Internet users. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between indicators of social network addiction and aggression in adolescents aged 11–14. Methods. The study’s methods were as follows: a survey was distributed to participants to collect information; testing was done using standardized instruments such as “The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire”, the Kimberly Young Internet Addiction Test, and the Problematic Internet Use Scale; and the data was analyzed using rigorous statistical analysis. This included the Student’s t-test, correlation analysis with Pearson coefficient calculations, and the use of the Statista 8.0 analysis platform. Results. A high level of general aggression was identified in the sample examined (22.0% demonstrated a high level). No statistically significant difference was identified in the level of aggression between boys and girls. A significant positive correlation was identified between aggression indicators and the level of Internet addiction. An analysis of the correlation between the level of aggression using social media demonstrated no significant association between these traits in the general population. A positive relationship was identified between aggression and social media use in respondents with high levels of addiction. The connection between Internet addiction and social media addiction manifested itself differently between the sexes: boys demonstrated a more pronounced attachment to the Internet in general, while girls were more dependent on social media communication. Discussion and conclusions. The results demonstrate that there is a correlation between social network addiction and aggression, but it is not linear. Additional factors that contribute to higher levels of aggression in children and young people should be explored. The findings contribute to an understanding of the relationship between social network use and levels of aggression, which is part of the broader problem of the transformation of social relations under the influence of information technology. In practical terms, the data can be used in planning the work of social educators and parents to correct the behaviour and social adaptation of adolescents.

Psychological Peculiarities of Organization of Parent-Child Relationships Among Older Preschoolers

Nataliia Semenova , Oleksandr Semenov , Nadiіa Alendar , Andrii Zdikhovskyi — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim is to conduct theoretical-empirical research into the psychological content parameters of parent-child relationships in older preschool children. Methods. The research participants were parents and their children: n = 33 family triads: 18 families raising boys and 15 families raising girls, and n = 3 quadriads: two families having twins (a boy and a girl, and two girls), and one family having twin boys. The children were pupils of senior groups of preschool education institutions. The age of children ranged from 5 to 6 years. The sample of parents involved n = 72 individuals aged 19 to 37 years. Psycho-diagnostic instruments were used to find relevant psychological content parameters of parent-child relationships. Results. It was found that the verbal component of children’s relationships has one direct correlation with a favorable family situation and one inverse correlation with communication difficulties. The emotional component has one direct correlation with a favorable family situation and two inverse correlations with anxiety and family conflicts. It was established that the emotional component is a more dependent variable in comparison to the verbal component. It was highlighted that a favorable family situation has correlations with the verbal and emotional components of children. It was stated that, from the perspective of parents, emotional connection is the most loaded parameter which reflects the main dimensions of the atmosphere, upbringing traditions, and family values, and has all the significant correlations. It was found that optimal emotional contact on the part of parents contributes to the formation and growth of differentiated content features of interpersonal interaction in an adequate and congruent social situation. It was established that hyperactive concentration on a child demonstrates an internal position of parents in parent-child relationships. It was noted that this position manifests itself through leadership, control, discipline, and family rules used by parents. Discussion and сonclusions. It was substantiated that the development of parent-child relationships in the preschool age is determined by the differentiation of content features of interpersonal interaction in the educational subsystem “parents–children” and the type of behavior that is adequate and congruent with a social situation. It was generalized that family is a reference space of development that ensures the formation of behavioral patterns and the sphere of feelings and emotions. It was noted that children’s attempts to create interactions in the subsystem “parents–children” are important for building constructive parent-child relationships. It was recommended that the obtained results should be implemented in the theory and practice of teachers and psychologies of preschool education institutions.

Social Comparison in the Organization of the Structure of Self-Efficacy of Higher Education Students

Nataliia Zavatskа , Serhii Omelianiuk , Oleksandr Lukashov , Maksym Petrenko — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim of the empirical study was to determine the statistical reliability of social comparison in the organization of the structure of self-efficacy of higher education students. Methods. The study sample consisted of students from an educational institution who studied at three levels of academic programs on a full-time basis (n = 108). Descriptive frequency characteristics of the sample population: M = 21.35; 21.35; SD = ± 3.96; Мe = 21.50. А psychodiagnostic complex of methods that reflected relevant dimensions of the study was аpplied: “The Social Comparison Scale” (Schneider & Schupp, 2014); “The Self-Efficacy Scale” (Sherer et al., 1982); “Diagnostics of motivational structure of personality” (DMSP) (Milman, 1990). Additionally, the current average academic score of the students for the previous exam session was introduced. Results. Descriptive frequency characteristics of the investigated parameters were determined. A correlation matrix and a correlation pleiad of social comparison parameters with measurements of students’ self-efficacy were constructed. Nine direct statistically significant correlations were identified, demonstrating that “self-efficacy of interpersonal communication”, “communication”, and “general activity” of higher education students were capable of determining their self-efficacy in the context of academic and professional activities. It was stated that self-awareness of their abilities allows respondents to expand their cognitive component, positively affecting attitudes and the activity’s conative component. The comparison of groups with low and high indicators of the formation of social comparison proved that according to two parameters: “average academic score” and “self-efficacy of subject activity” of groups with high levels had significant superiority. Discussion and сonclusions. It was explained that the average score and self-efficacy in subject activities were the most operational and sensitive parameters in the context of social comparison. It was substantiated that research on social comparison within the organization of self-efficacy structure among higher education students was a socio-psychological validation complex for the educational and professional training of future specialists, which had a dual impact. It was noted that the identified regularities can be implemented in the organization of the educational process to enhance the self-efficacy of students.

Student Leadership in Times of Social Transformation

Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim was a theoretical-empirical study of the phenomenon of student leadership in the context of educational and professional activities during times of social transformation. The respondents were student leaders from the first to the fourth years of study at higher education institutions in Ukraine, with a total of n = 43 individuals. The age range of the sample population was between 18 and 25 years. The sample characteristics: M = 20.34; SD = ±4.28; Me = 20.50; Mo = 20.00. Methods. A relevant psychodiagnostic toolkit was selected in accordance with the developed methodology and research strategy. The following instruments were used: “Sociometry” (Moreno, 1951); “Life Orientation Test” (LOT) (Carver & Gaines, 1987); “Self-Efficacy Scale” (SES) (Sherer et al., 1982); and “Tolerance for Uncertainty Scale” (TUS) (Mclain, 1993). Results and discussion. The relationship between the self-efficacy parameters of the respondents and their life orientations and tolerance for uncertainty was identified (p < .050; p < .010). It is noted that student leaders who had high self-efficacy in subject activities enjoyed high credibility, but were silent and restrained in communicating with peers. Student leaders who had high self-efficacy in interpersonal communication had average achievements in their educational and professional activities, were respected and had no less influence on their peers. A comparison of the studied groups with low and high levels of self-efficacy showed that Group 2 (a high level of self-efficacy in subject activities) had superiority in attitude to complex tasks (ACT) and tolerance for uncertainty (TU). It is explained that the willingness to demonstrate a clear position in the changing realities of today was a prerogative of strong personalities. The superiority of the group with high self-efficacy in interpersonal communication (Group 4) was noted in terms of positive expectations, while the group with low self-efficacy in interpersonal communication (Group 3) showed the only significant superiority in negative expectations. Conclusions. It is summarized that the developed empirical research strategy for the phenomenon of student leadership allowed for the identification of relevant dimensions of leadership intentions among the most active segment of society, which are congruent in contemporary realities within the context of self-efficacy in educational and professional activities during times of social transformation. The obtained results have scientific novelty and can be implemented in the organization of the educational process of universities with the aim of preparing future leaders.

Self-Recovery Practices of Ukrainian Civilian at the Beginning of the War: Subcultural Differences

Tetiana Tytarenko — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The purpose is to determine the configurations of self-preservation and recovery practices typical for representatives of different age subcultures under martial law. Methods. The sample included 169 civilians of Ukraine. Data collection was carried out in March – May 2022. The key research method was an online narrative on the topic “My life during the war”. The data were processed using descriptive, interpretive analysis, and descriptive statistics. Practices were coded according to the focus of efforts to overcome negative emotional states. Results. Representatives of different age subcultures turned to the following self-recovery practices: family-communicative, work/educational, household-relaxation, patriotic, meditative-spiritual, informational-analytical, counselling-therapeutic, volunteer, and reflective-developmental; however, the ratio of these practices and their content in each subculture was unique. The individual-oriented health-care practices of the youth subculture were aimed at reducing their suffering, the interpersonally oriented practices of representatives of the early adulthood subculture were focused on the desire to preserve the life and health of loved ones, and the socially oriented practices in the mid-late adulthood concentrated on the dominance of the value of selflessness activities, realizing the need for one’s own contribution to the approach of victory. Discussion and conclusions. The hypothesis about the self-restoration function of practices as a form of daily behavior is confirmed. The hypothesis regarding the specification of access to self-help practices in different age subcultures, which allows for the stabilization of the emotional state in one’s own way, accept the external and internal restrictions determined by war conditions, rethink losses, needs, intentions, make adjustments to self-identification and sense-making, has received a certain evidence base. It is shown that the expansion of the range of health care practices implies a willingness to adequately and creatively deal with the military present; a willingness to accept help from others and provide support to one’s environment; a willingness to accept and support oneself, to improve one’s own professional and self-regulatory capabilities. Focusing on a person’s subcultural characteristics will contribute to the targeted formation of such readiness and improve the targeting of educational, correctional, and rehabilitation interventions.

Research on Relationships Between Self-Esteem and Social Activeness of Young People: Gender Differentiation Exemplified by the Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan Sample

Adlet Kariyev , Bekzod Baydjanov , Dmitriy Umnov, Meruyert Imankulova — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim is to conduct theoretical-empirical research into peculiarities of the inclusion of self-esteem in the organization of social activeness of young people. Methods. The research participants were young students from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, aged from 18 to 26 years (n = 133). Valid and reliable psycho-diagnostic tools were applied: the self-esteem questionnaire (SQ) (Weinhold & Hilferty, 1983); methods for diagnosing social-psychological attitudes of an individual in the sphere of motivation and needs (SPAI) (Potemkina, 2001); the questionnaire “Diagnostics of motivators of an individual’s social-psychological activeness” (DMISPA) (Fetiskin et al., 2002). Results. It was found that the majority of respondents have a medium level of self-esteem which is a normotypical level of its adequacy. The only direct correlation between power orientation and the ability to make contacts (R = .176; p = .043) was established. The only inverse correlation of the general need for achievement with the art of self-acceptance (R = -.252; p = .003) suggests that young people lose in achieving success with an increase in attention to their personality. Comparison of the parameters of social activeness between the samples of males (Group 1) and females (Group 2) revealed the only superiority of Group 2 in the parameter “work orientation” (U = 1603.500; p = .012). Discussion and conclusions. It was substantiated that young people are considerably affected by the opinions of significant others regarding their personality. It was emphasized that a correlation between the general need for achievement with the art of self-acceptance demonstrates the self-actualization tendencies of young people aimed at impacting global social processes. There is a caveat that it may also hide a pragmatic component with hedonistic behavioral patterns. It was explained that the females’ sample is more process-oriented and focused on everyday responsibilities, which determined a significant difference in the parameter “work orientation”. It was summarized that the obtained results possess scientific value and can be of interest to anyone who works with young people. It was substantiated that the level of self-esteem has an impact on the parameters and orientation of social activeness.

Life Orientations of Migrant Students under Martial Law

Natalia Falko , Iyuriy Serbin , Nataliia Hurtovenko , Ivan Tylnyi — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim is an empirical study of the life orientations of young people in conditions of sociogenic challenges. Methods. The study involved students who studied at three levels of educational programs: “Bachelor”, “Master”, “Doctor of Philosophy” at higher education institutions of Ukraine, with a total number of n = 112 people, aged 18 to 29 years (M = 23.43; SD = ±3.05). All respondents were internal or external migrants, which ensured the conditions of the sociogenic challenges they faced. Two groups of valid and reliable psychodiagnostic methods that reflect life orientations were used: the first – the “Life Orientation Test-Revised” (Carver & Gaines, 1987) and the “Value Orientations” by M. Rokeach (1973); the second concerned the behavior of the individual in the face of sociogenic challenges: the “Personal Readiness for Change Questionnaire” (Rollnick et al., 1992) and the “Way of Coping Questionnaire” (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Results. The ranking of the terminal and instrumental values of young people was carried out and it was determined that the terminal values (a proactive life attitude, health, and an interesting job) and instrumental values (self-control, education, and high requests) were prevalent. A correlation pleiad has been built and twenty-eight significant correlations of life orientations with the parameters of individual behavior in the face of sociogenic challenges and coping strategies have been clarified (p < .050; p < .010; p < .001). The existence of significant correlations with the parameters of personal readiness for change and constructive coping strategies has been clarified and explained. The most dependent values were a proactive life attitude and self-control. The latent danger was posed by negative expectations, the dominance of which can have fatal consequences for young people. Discussion and conclusions. It is substantiated that the study of life orientations of young people in the context of sociogenic challenges is examination of young people’ awareness and rethinking of their life purpose, the meaning of life, and the desire for self-realization. Life values, considered through the prism of dynamic social transformations, in the dimensions of readiness or unreadiness for personal changes and constructive and destructive coping strategies, confirmed the complexity and diversity of the phenomenon under study. It is noted that the obtained empirical results are of scientific value for all those who work with young people and seek constructive ways to overcome sociogenic challenges.

Team-Building Dimensions Assessment Scale: Development and Psychometric Validation of a New Tool

Roberto Fasanelli , Sofia Foglia , Giuliana Amalfi , Alfonso Piscitelli — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This study aims to theoretically substantiate, develop, and validate the diagnostic tool for assessing the process and indicators of team- building in workgroups. This new psychometric scale, based on a specific theoretical model, aims to assess the functioning and potential for improvement of workgroups within organizations. The scale, with its seven dimensions of team building (such as objective, method, roles, leadership, communication, climate, and development), can make a valuable contribution to the field of team-building assessment, as it provides a comprehensive view of team dynamics. Methods. Based on a non-experimental model (specifically, a cross-sectional survey design), the research consists of three studies involving a non- probabilistic reasoned sampling strategy (N =215; N2 = 157; N3 = 279). The original instrument was initially tested on a sample of workers whose responses allowed routine statistical analyses. The instrument was subsequently modified and reduced to its more significant elements, so it was administered to the second sample of employees. Finally, after conducting a confirmatory factor analysis, the scale administered to the last sample of material industry employees. Results. Like Cronbach’s Alpha, the inter-factors and inter- items correlation indices proved significant. The validated instrument, initially consisting of 69 items, later reduced to 19, is characterized by excellent internal interdependence, which the CFA also confirmed. In the present study, the model fit indices were RMSEA = .079; SRMR = .056, CFI = .938, NFI = .907, IFI = .939, and RFI = .878. Discussion and conclusions. The findings of this study have significant practical implications. The TeBuDAS, with its comprehensive approach to team-building assessment, focusing on team cohesion and performance, offers a robust tool for organizational development. By considering the underlying culture of the organization and promoting a learning-oriented evaluation process, the TeBuDAS can guide the development strategies of the entire organization more efficiently and effectively.

Attitudes of Support Staff Towards People with Intellectual Disabilities Under Their Care: A Systematic Review of Literature

Maria Anis , Nor Akmar Nordin — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Purpose. Current literature on attitudes of support staff towards people with intellectual disabilities produces heterogenous findings. The present systematic review aims to provide a synthesis and thorough appraisal of qualitative and quantitative evidence on attitudes of support staff towards people with intellectual disabilities under their care. Methods. A systematic literature search was performed across four electronic databases to identify original articles published in English between 2014 and 2024. PICO framework and PRISMA statement were used to organize the search strategy and study selection. The references were screened on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria which resulted in 38 studies being included in the review. Results. Four themes emerged: 1) attitudes towards integration and participation, 2) attitudes towards autonomous decision-making, 3) attitudes towards sexual needs and sexual expression, and 4) attitudes towards restrictive measures and restraint interventions. Findings suggest that support staff held skeptical attitudes concerning integration and meaningful participation of people with intellectual disabilities. Moreover, support staff operated under the premise that people with intellectual disabilities were not capable of making independent decisions because they did not understand the consequences of their choices. Support staff considered sexual expression of people with intellectual disabilities a human right, but they expressed insecurity concerning the matter and approached certain facets of sexual expression with caution. Lastly, support staff were clear and unequivocal when it came to the use of restraint and restrictive measures insisting that they used them to regulate the behaviors of people with intellectual disabilities which might harm them or others. Discussion and Conclusions. Variations in attitudes are evident as some support staff exhibit a sincere regard for the welfare and potential of people with intellectual disabilities while others harbor biases towards them. The findings stress the need to address these varied attitudes to enable support staff in delivering high-quality care and support to people with intellectual disabilities.

Adaptive Potential of Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Antonina Hrys , Nataliia Chepeleva , Tetiana Tkachuk , Larysa Tor — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim was a theoretical-empirical study of the adaptive potential of adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods. The sample consisted of adults with ADHD, totaling n = 32, of which n = 16 were female (50.00%) and n = 16 were male (50.00%). The participants’ ages ranged from 20 to 54 years (M = 36.12; Me = 36.00; SD = ± 8.43). A theoretical-empirical complex of methods was used, which included theoretical methods: retrospective analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalization, as well as empirical methods: “The Work and Social Adjustment Scale” (W&SAS) (Mundt et al., 2002); “Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale” (ZSDS) (Zung, 1965); “Impact of Even Scale – Revised” (IES-R) (Sveen et al., 2010); “Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment Scale” (GAD-7) (Spitzer et al., 2006; adapted by N. Aleksina et al., 2024) and “New Methodology for Diagnosing Psychosocial Maladjustment” (NDMPM) (Herasymenko, 2018). Results and discussion. It was established that the parameter “work” has statistically significant correlations with depressiveness, anxiety disorders, and types of responses to traumatic events (p < .001). It was noted that the area where participants feel most comfortable is “personal leisure”, which is associated with the protective response of avoidance and anxiety disorders. It was argued that avoidance, as a defense mechanism and type of response to a traumatic event, only increases the tendency towards isolation and distancing. It was suggested that a constructive organization of the workspace for individuals with ADHD would enhance their adaptive capacity. Conclusions. The study of the adaptive potential of adults with ADHD revealed significant patterns of work and social adaptation among the participants. It was summarized that acceptance and support from the environment are crucial; tolerance and the absence of stigma within the family, workplace, and society at large had a positive effect; isolation is partly accompanied by a lack of support, which can lead to severe manifestations of ADHD and comorbid disorders; the impact of traumatic events was reflected in the mental states of the participants.

Features of the Attributional Style of Individuals with Alexithymia and Psychopathy

Eugene Stepura , Olena Zavhorodnia , Tеtiana Sushchynska — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The aim of the study is to determine the features of the attributional style of individuals with alexithymia and psychopathy. Methods. Theoretical methods: analysis and generalization of theoretical propositions related to the research problem, based on a review of scientific sources and research data; empirical methods: Seligman Attributional Style Questionnaire (Seligman, 2006), 26-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Taylor et al. 1985), Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (Levenson, 1995); methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The interrelations between alexithymia, psychopathic traits, and attributional style were studied. A negative correlation between alexithymia and the general level of optimism was established (R = –.32; p < .010). It was found that the primary factor of psychopathy has a weak but significant direct correlation with alexithymia (R = .20; p < .050). Secondary psychopathy has a high direct correlation with alexithymia (R = .46; p < .010). It was determined that the primary factor of psychopathy has a direct correlation with the general level of optimism (R = .29; p < .010). A negative correlation between secondary psychopathy and the general level of optimism was noted (R = –.28; p < .010). Numerous significant inverse correlations between specific cognitive attitudes that constitute an optimistic attributional style, alexithymia, and the secondary factor of psychopathy were identified. Discussion and Conclusions. The specific features of the attributional style of individuals with alexithymia and psychopathy were determined, and the connections of psychological constructs with the components of the attributional style were clarified. The presence of a relationship between alexithymia and primary and secondary psychopathy was demonstrated. It was found that individuals with alexithymia and secondary psychopathy are characterized by a pessimistic attributional style, whereas those with primary psychopathy are characterized by an optimistic attributional style. The attributional style of people with secondary psychopathy is mainly depressogenic, in contrast to people with primary psychopathy, in whom such a feature is not observed. The study results may be useful in choosing psychocorrectional strategies for individuals with alexithymia and psychopathy.